5 Proven Factors: How Durable Are Paper Boxes for Shipping and Storage in 2025?

Abstract

The durability of paper-based packaging is a multifaceted issue, extending far beyond the simple classification of a container as a “paper box.” This analysis examines the constituent elements that collectively determine the resilience of such packaging for both shipping and long-term storage. An inquiry into the material science of paperboard reveals that fiber length, sourcing (virgin versus recycled), and manufacturing processes are primary determinants of intrinsic strength. Concurrently, the principles of structural engineering, as applied to box design—from the geometry of corrugated fluting to the robust construction of rigid boxes—play an equally significant role in performance under stress. The efficacy of these designs is quantified through standardized industry tests, such as the Edge Crush Test (ECT) and Mullen Burst Test, which provide objective metrics for stacking strength and puncture resistance. Furthermore, external environmental factors, particularly humidity, and the physical stresses of the supply chain introduce variables that can profoundly compromise a box’s integrity. Finally, the application of surface coatings and laminations can substantially augment durability, providing resistance to moisture and abrasion. A comprehensive understanding of how durable paper boxes are for shipping and storage, therefore, requires a holistic consideration of these interdependent factors.

Key Takeaways

• Assess material grade, as virgin kraft fibers provide superior strength over recycled fibers.
• Match the box structure to your product; use rigid boxes for high-value, fragile items.
• Understand testing metrics like ECT to ensure sufficient stacking strength for your needs.
• Control storage environments, as high humidity can drastically weaken paper box durability.
• Consider coatings or lamination to significantly boost moisture and scuff resistance.
• Evaluate how durable are paper boxes for shipping and storage based on these combined factors.
• Choose a design with minimal empty space and appropriate inserts to maximize protection.

Table of Contents

• The Foundation: Material Composition and Grade
• The Blueprint: Structural Design and Engineering
• The Gauntlet: Standardized Testing and Performance Metrics
• The External Adversary: Environmental and Handling Factors
• The Enhancement: Coatings, Laminations, and Finishes
• Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
• Conclusion
• References

The Foundation: Material Composition and Grade

When we pose the question of a paper box’s durability, we are, in essence, inquiring about the very soul of its material. The journey from a tree or a bale of recycled paper to a finished box is a story of transformation, where every step in the process imparts characteristics that define its ultimate strength and resilience. To truly grasp the durability of paper packaging, one must first become a student of its composition, looking past the finished form to the microscopic fibers that form its foundation. It is here, at the cellular level, that the potential for strength is born.

The Science of Paper Fibers: Virgin vs. Recycled

At the heart of any paper product are cellulose fibers, long chains of organic polymers that, when meshed together, form a strong, flat sheet. The source of these fibers is the first and perhaps most critical determinant of strength. Virgin fibers, sourced directly from softwood or hardwood pulp, are long, flexible, and have not been subjected to previous cycles of stress. Imagine them as new, high-quality ropes, full of tensile strength and integrity. The hydrogen bonds that form between these long fibers in the papermaking process are numerous and powerful, creating a dense and tear-resistant material. This is why unbleached virgin kraft paper, with its long softwood fibers intact, has long been the gold standard for applications demanding high strength.

In contrast, recycled fibers have a different story. Each time paper is repulped, the fibers are agitated, cleaned, and reformed. This process, while environmentally commendable, inevitably shortens and weakens the cellulose fibers. Think of those same ropes after being used, frayed, and retied multiple times. While still functional, they have lost some of their original tensile strength. Consequently, paperboard made from 100% recycled content will generally exhibit lower tear strength and stiffness compared to its virgin counterpart. However, this does not render it unsuitable. Manufacturers often create sophisticated blends, combining recycled content with a strategic percentage of virgin fibers to strike a calculated balance between sustainability and the required performance for a specific packaging application (Ämmälä, 2013).

Decoding Paperboard Types: From Kraft to Coated

The term “paperboard” is a broad category encompassing several distinct materials, each with a unique profile of strength, printability, and cost. Understanding these distinctions is fundamental to selecting a durable box.

Kraft paper, derived from the German word for “strength,” is produced using the Kraft process, which results in a very strong pulp. Unbleached kraft, with its natural brown color, retains the most lignin from the wood, a natural polymer that adds to its rigidity and strength. It is the workhorse of corrugated boxes.

Solid Bleached Sulfate (SBS) is a premium paperboard made from bleached virgin pulp. The bleaching process creates a bright white surface ideal for high-quality printing, making it a favorite for health and beauty products, pharmaceuticals, and frozen foods. While the bleaching may slightly alter the fiber structure, SBS is known for its purity, stiffness, and excellent folding and gluing properties.

Coated Unbleached Kraft (CUK), also known as Solid Unbleached Sulfate (SUS®), offers a compromise. It uses a strong, unbleached kraft base and applies a thin layer of white clay coating to one side to improve printability. This allows it to be used for applications needing both strength and a decent printing surface, such as beverage carriers and hardware packaging.

Chipboard, or plain paperboard, is typically made from 100% recycled fibers that have been compressed. It is less rigid and weaker than the other types and is most often used for the internal structure of rigid boxes, which are then wrapped with a more premium paper, or for applications where high strength is not the primary concern, like cereal boxes.

The Role of Basis Weight and Caliper

Beyond the fiber source and type, two simple measurements provide a wealth of information about a paperboard’s potential durability: basis weight and caliper.

Basis weight (or grammage in metric countries) is the mass of the paper per unit of area. In the U.S., it is often expressed as pounds per 1,000 square feet. A higher basis weight generally indicates more fibers packed into the sheet, which usually correlates with greater strength, stiffness, and puncture resistance.

Caliper refers to the thickness of the paperboard, measured in points, where one point equals one-thousandth of an inch. A 16-pt board, for instance, is 0.016 inches thick. Caliper is a primary driver of stiffness—the board’s ability to resist bending. A thicker board has a much greater resistance to bending forces, which is crucial for preventing box bulge and maintaining shape.

It is the interplay of these two metrics that defines the material’s character. A high basis weight with a relatively low caliper results in a dense, strong sheet. Conversely, a lower basis weight with a high caliper might produce a lighter but still stiff board. The choice depends entirely on the application’s demands—is puncture resistance or structural stiffness the priority? Answering this question is the first step in engineering a truly durable paper box.

The Blueprint: Structural Design and Engineering

If the material is the soul of a paper box, its structure is its skeleton. A pile of the strongest paperboard is of little use until it is folded and formed into a three-dimensional object. The principles of engineering and geometry transform these flat sheets into resilient containers capable of withstanding the rigors of the modern supply chain. The way a box is designed—its fundamental type, its dimensions, and its internal features—is as responsible for its performance as the fibers from which it is made. An inquiry into how durable are paper boxes for shipping and storage is incomplete without a deep appreciation for their structural architecture.

Corrugated vs. Rigid Boxes: A Tale of Two Structures

The two dominant forms of paper boxes, corrugated and rigid, achieve durability through entirely different philosophies of design.

Corrugated Boxes: The genius of the corrugated box lies in its composite structure, an engineered sandwich of paper. It consists of one or more layers of fluted (wavy) paper medium pressed between flat linerboards. This simple design, reminiscent of an architectural arch or an I-beam, creates a structure with remarkable strength-to-weight ratio. The flutes provide a cushion against impacts and are the primary source of the box’s stacking strength. Different flute profiles (designated by letters like A, B, C, E, and F) offer different properties. For instance, C-flute is the most common all-purpose flute, offering a good balance of cushioning and stacking strength. E-flute, being much thinner, provides a finer printing surface and is often used for retail-ready packaging. Double-wall or triple-wall corrugated board, which layers multiple flute and linerboard combinations, can create boxes strong enough to ship machinery or produce.

Rigid Boxes: Where corrugated boxes find strength in engineered air gaps, rigid boxes find it in density and substance. Often called “set-up boxes,” they are made from a thick, non-bending grade of paperboard (chipboard or greyboard) that is cut and assembled into its final shape. This sturdy shell is then wrapped in a thinner, often decorative paper. The result is a container with exceptional structural integrity, resistance to crushing, and a premium feel. These are the boxes you find protecting luxury goods like electronics, jewelry, and high-end cosmetics. Their durability is not just for shipping; it is part of the product’s value proposition, designed to be kept and reused as a storage container. For those seeking the pinnacle of protection and presentation, exploring options in custom rigid box packaging reveals how tailored design can meet specific durability needs.

The Geometry of Strength: Box Dimensions and Ratios

The shape of a box is not arbitrary; it is a critical factor in its ability to resist compressive forces. The ideal shape for a box, in terms of pure stacking strength, is a perfect cube. As a box’s dimensions deviate from this, becoming longer, wider, or flatter, its structural stability can be compromised. Long, narrow boxes are more susceptible to bowing along their length, while large, flat boxes can sag in the middle under a load.

The aspect ratio—the relationship between a box’s length, width, and height—has a measurable impact on its performance. When a box is stacked, the vertical corners and side panels carry the load. A box with a length-to-width ratio greater than 2:1 can begin to lose stability. Furthermore, the perimeter of the box is a key factor in its stacking strength. For a given grade of corrugated board, a box with a larger perimeter will generally be weaker than one with a smaller perimeter. This is why packaging engineers often advise against creating unnecessarily large boxes and instead favor a snug fit, which not only reduces the need for void fill but also maximizes the inherent strength of the chosen box dimensions.

The Unsung Heroes: Closures, Folds, and Inserts

The durability of a box does not end with its four walls and a lid. The smaller, often overlooked details of its construction play a vital supporting role. The style of the box, such as a Regular Slotted Container (RSC) where the outer flaps meet in the middle, or a Full Overlap (FOL) where the outer flaps fully cover the top, affects its integrity. An FOL box, for example, provides a double layer of board over the top and bottom, significantly increasing its resistance to puncture and compression.

The method of closure is equally important. A properly sealed box, with high-quality tape applied in an H-pattern to seal the center and edge seams, becomes a more unified and rigid structure. The tape acts as a reinforcement, preventing the flaps from shifting or opening under stress.

Finally, internal inserts are not merely for decoration or positioning the product. Custom-designed inserts made from corrugated board, paperboard, or foam can act as internal load-bearers. They brace the box’s walls from the inside, preventing them from bowing inward, and can transfer some of the vertical load directly through the insert to the bottom of the box, relieving stress on the side panels. A well-designed insert system transforms a simple container into an integrated protective system.

The Gauntlet: Standardized Testing and Performance Metrics

A box’s material and structure provide a theoretical basis for its durability, but how do we move from theory to quantifiable fact? How can a business owner in 2025 be confident that the boxes they have procured will survive the journey to their customer? The answer lies in a series of rigorous, standardized tests developed by the packaging industry. These tests act as a gauntlet, subjecting paperboard and finished boxes to the specific forces they will encounter in the real world. The data from these tests provide the objective language needed to specify, compare, and verify packaging performance, taking the guesswork out of the question, “how durable are paper boxes for shipping and storage?”

The Edge Crush Test (ECT): Measuring Stacking Strength

Perhaps the most crucial metric for modern logistics is stacking strength. Whether on a pallet in a warehouse or in the back of a delivery truck, boxes spend most of their lives bearing weight from above. The Edge Crush Test (ECT) was developed specifically to predict this performance.

In this test, a small section of corrugated board is cut and placed on its edge between two platens in a compression testing machine. Force is applied until the sample collapses. The result is reported in pounds per inch of width (lbs/in). A board rated as 32 ECT, for example, can withstand a force of 32 pounds per linear inch of its edge before crushing.

Why is this so important? The vertical rigidity of the corrugated board, as measured by ECT, is the primary predictor of the final stacking strength of a finished box. While other factors like box dimensions and humidity play a role, the ECT value is the foundational data point. It has become the dominant standard in the industry because it directly relates to the primary stress a box faces in the modern, palletized supply chain. When you see a certification stamp on the bottom of a box with an ECT rating, you are looking at a direct prediction of its ability to hold up in a stack (Malasri et al., 2012).

The Mullen Burst Test: Gauging Puncture Resistance

Before ECT became the primary standard, the Mullen Burst Test was the prevailing measure of a box’s durability. This test measures a different property: the force required to burst the face of the corrugated board. In the test, a sample of the board is clamped under a rubber diaphragm, and hydraulic pressure is applied until the board ruptures. The result is reported in pounds per square inch (psi).

The Mullen Test is a good indicator of a box’s ability to withstand rough handling and to contain its contents if they shift and press against the box walls. It is a measure of its puncture and tear resistance. For many years, it was the only standard, and it is still valuable for certain applications, particularly for shipping heavy, irregularly shaped items that might exert sharp, concentrated forces on the box walls. However, for the typical scenario of boxes being neatly stacked on pallets, its relevance as a predictor of failure has been largely superseded by ECT. A box can have a high Mullen rating but poor stacking strength if its flutes are improperly formed, a weakness ECT would detect but the Mullen test would not.

Beyond the Basics: Drop, Vibration, and Climate Testing

While ECT and Mullen test the board itself, a host of other protocols, many standardized by organizations like the International Safe Transit Association (ISTA), test the performance of the entire packaged product. These tests simulate the journey of a package from warehouse to doorstep with frightening accuracy.

Drop Testing involves dropping the packaged product from specific heights onto its various faces, edges, and corners to simulate being dropped by a handler or falling from a conveyor. The number and height of the drops are specified by the ISTA procedure relevant to the package’s weight and shipping method.

Vibration Testing places the package on a vibration table that simulates the constant, jostling motion of a truck bed or an airplane’s cargo hold. This tests not only the box’s durability but also the ability of the internal packaging to prevent product damage from repetitive shocks and friction.

Climate Testing exposes the package to cycles of high and low temperature and humidity. This is crucial for understanding how a box will perform when left on a hot loading dock in Arizona or a damp warehouse in the United Kingdom. As we will see, the effect of humidity, in particular, can be devastating to a paper box’s strength, and this test quantifies that risk. Together, these performance tests provide the ultimate verification of a packaging design’s real-world durability.

The External Adversary: Environmental and Handling Factors

A paper box, no matter how perfectly engineered and constructed from the finest materials, does not exist in a vacuum. From the moment it is filled and sealed, it enters a hostile world filled with adversaries that seek to compromise its integrity. The most formidable of these are not the sudden shocks of being dropped, but the insidious and ever-present forces of the environment, particularly moisture. Combined with the immense pressures of stacking and the unpredictability of human handling, these external factors can bring even the strongest box to its knees. Acknowledging and mitigating these realities is a non-negotiable part of ensuring packaging durability.

The Achilles’ Heel: Humidity and Moisture

The single greatest enemy of a paper box’s strength is water. Cellulose fibers are hygroscopic, meaning they naturally attract and absorb water molecules from the surrounding air. This process has a catastrophic effect on the box’s structural integrity. The strength of paper comes from the hydrogen bonds that form between its cellulose fibers. When water molecules are absorbed, they get in between the fibers and disrupt these bonds, effectively lubricating them. The paper becomes soft, pliable, and loses a dramatic amount of its stiffness and compressive strength.

The effect is not trivial. A corrugated box can lose up to 50% of its stacking strength when moving from a dry environment (around 30% relative humidity) to a very humid one (around 85% relative humidity) (Frank, 2014). Imagine a pallet of boxes stacked five-high in a climate-controlled warehouse. That same pallet, left in a damp, non-conditioned storage area for an extended period, might only be able to support a stack two or three boxes high before the bottom layer begins to crush. This is why long-term storage in basements, garages, or uncontrolled warehouses can lead to box failure over time, even with no additional weight being added. The box simply sags under its own weight as it soaks up ambient moisture. For businesses, this means that investing in climate-controlled storage is not a luxury; it is a direct investment in preserving the durability of their packaged inventory.

The Weight of the World: Stacking and Load Distribution

In an ideal world, every box in a stack would bear its load perfectly through its four vertical corners, which are the strongest points of the structure. However, common practices in palletizing can inadvertently undermine this strength.

There are two primary methods for arranging boxes on a pallet: column (or columnar) stacking and interlocking stacking. In column stacking, boxes are placed directly on top of one another, so their corners align vertically. This method allows a box to transfer the load above it almost entirely through its corners, preserving nearly 100% of its potential stacking strength.

In interlocking stacking, the pattern is alternated with each layer, much like laying bricks. This creates a more stable, unified load that is less likely to shift or topple. However, this stability comes at a steep price. In an interlocked pattern, the corners of the boxes on an upper layer often rest on the center of the boxes below them—the weakest point. This improper load distribution can reduce the overall stacking strength of the pallet by as much as 40-50%.

Another common and damaging error is pallet overhang, where the edges of the boxes extend beyond the edge of the pallet. Even a half-inch of overhang can remove the support from under a box’s critical edge, causing it to weaken and potentially leading to a cascade failure of the entire stack. Proper palletizing is a science, and ignoring its principles directly compromises the engineered durability of the boxes.

The Human Element: Handling Throughout the Supply Chain

Finally, we must account for the most unpredictable factor: people. The journey of a package in the e-commerce supply chain is punctuated by a series of hand-offs between sorters, loaders, and drivers. While most handling is automated or professional, manual interactions are unavoidable. A box may be tossed into a truck, dropped on a doorstep, or have a heavier package placed on top of it.

While standardized drop and impact tests attempt to account for this, the reality of manual handling is chaotic. The Mullen Burst Test, which measures puncture resistance, becomes more relevant here, as a box is more likely to be subjected to sharp impacts from other packages or sorting equipment when handled individually rather than as part of a stable pallet.

Printing clear handling instructions, such as the universal symbols for “Fragile” or “This Way Up,” can help. However, in a fast-paced logistics environment, these are often overlooked. The most effective strategy is to design for the worst-case scenario: choose a board grade and box design that can tolerate a reasonable amount of mishandling. This means ensuring a snug fit to prevent contents from shifting and creating damaging internal impacts, and perhaps choosing a slightly higher grade of material than what seems necessary for stacking alone, as an insurance policy against the unpredictable human element.

The Enhancement: Coatings, Laminations, and Finishes

The inherent durability of a paper box, defined by its material and structure, can be significantly augmented through a variety of surface treatments. These enhancements are not merely cosmetic; they are functional upgrades that form a protective shield, guarding the box against its primary adversaries of moisture, friction, and wear. For products in demanding environments or for brands that require their packaging to remain pristine from the warehouse to the customer’s hands, these finishes are an essential part of the durability equation. They represent the final layer of armor, elevating a standard box into a high-performance container.

Building a Barrier: Aqueous and UV Coatings

Coatings are liquids applied to the surface of the printed paperboard and then dried or cured to form a thin, protective layer. They are one of the most common and cost-effective ways to boost durability.

Aqueous coatings are water-based, fast-drying, and relatively environmentally friendly. They are flooded onto the sheet during the printing process and dry quickly via heat and forced air. While they offer a modest level of protection, their primary benefits are sealing the ink to prevent smudging and providing a good degree of scuff and rub resistance. They can be formulated in gloss, satin, or matte finishes, offering a subtle aesthetic enhancement while serving as a first line of defense against the minor frictions of shipping and handling.

UV coatings offer a much higher level of protection. These coatings are cured almost instantly by exposing them to ultraviolet light. The resulting surface is extremely hard, durable, and often has a very high-gloss finish (though satin and matte versions are also available). A UV coating provides excellent resistance to abrasion and is significantly more effective at repelling moisture than an aqueous coating. A drop of water will bead up on a UV-coated surface, whereas it might slowly soak into a standard aqueous-coated or uncoated board. This makes UV coatings a wise choice for products that may be exposed to condensation or damp environments.

The Armor of Lamination: Film and Texture

For the ultimate in surface durability, lamination is the superior choice. Lamination is the process of bonding a very thin layer of plastic film to the surface of the paperboard using heat and pressure. This film creates an impermeable barrier that is exceptionally effective at protecting the box.

Lamination makes the surface waterproof, tear-resistant, and virtually immune to scuffing and cracking along folds. It is the most robust protection available for a printed paper surface. The films come in several varieties. Gloss lamination creates a shiny, vibrant look that makes colors pop. Matte lamination provides an elegant, non-reflective finish that is smooth to the touch. A popular premium option is soft-touch or velvet lamination, which has a matte appearance but a unique, rubbery texture that is both highly durable and provides a memorable tactile experience.

Because lamination adds a layer of plastic, it can complicate recyclability, a consideration for environmentally-focused brands. However, for preserving the integrity and appearance of custom printed paper boxes that must endure a long or harsh supply chain, or for luxury items where a pristine appearance is paramount, the protective benefits of lamination are undeniable.

More Than Just Looks: Embossing and Debossing

While primarily aesthetic choices, processes like embossing (creating a raised design) and debossing (creating a recessed design) can have a minor impact on the paperboard’s physical properties. The process involves pressing the board between two metal dies, one with a raised image and one with a corresponding recessed image.

This intense pressure compacts the paper fibers in the affected area. This compaction can create localized points of increased stiffness and density. While it will not change the overall stacking strength or puncture resistance of the box in a measurable way like a coating or lamination would, it can make the embossed area more resistant to scuffing and minor dents. It is a subtle effect, and the primary reason for choosing these finishes will always be for their visual and tactile appeal. However, it is a useful illustration of how every process a paperboard undergoes, even a decorative one, can alter its physical character in small ways.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

1. Are recycled paper boxes as durable as new ones? Not always. Durability is largely tied to fiber length. Virgin fibers from new pulp are longer and stronger. The recycling process shortens these fibers, which can reduce the paperboard’s overall tear strength and stiffness. However, manufacturers often create strong and reliable boxes by blending recycled fibers with virgin ones to achieve a target performance level that balances sustainability and strength. For many applications, a well-made recycled box is perfectly sufficient.

2. How long can paper boxes be used for storage? The lifespan of a paper box in storage depends almost entirely on the environment. In a climate-controlled, dry space with low humidity (below 50%), a quality box can maintain its structural integrity for many years. In a damp, humid environment like a basement, a box can lose over half its stacking strength in just a few months, leading it to sag and collapse even under its own weight.

3. What does “32 ECT” mean on a box? “32 ECT” stands for an Edge Crush Test rating of 32 pounds per inch. It means a small section of the corrugated board can withstand 32 pounds of force on its edge before crushing. This is the primary industry standard for measuring a box’s potential stacking strength, making it a crucial metric for warehousing and freight shipping.

4. How much weight can a standard shipping box hold? This is a complex question. While box manufacturers provide general weight limits (e.g., a 32 ECT box is often rated for up to 65 lbs), this assumes the weight is evenly distributed and the box is not being stacked. The true “capacity” is its stacking strength, which depends on the ECT rating, box dimensions, and environmental humidity. The contents’ nature—whether they are a solid block or a collection of small, sharp items—also significantly impacts performance.

5. Does printing on a box affect its durability? The act of printing itself, which involves applying ink, has a negligible effect on strength. However, heavy ink coverage, especially with solvent-based inks, can sometimes slightly soften the board. More importantly, the finishes applied after printing, like aqueous coatings, UV coatings, or lamination, can dramatically increase the box’s surface durability, resistance to scuffing, and moisture barrier.

6. Why are rigid boxes better for luxury items? Rigid boxes are constructed from thick, dense paperboard that is not meant to be folded or collapsed. This gives them exceptional resistance to crushing and deformation, providing superior protection for high-value, fragile items like electronics, jewelry, or cosmetics. Their solid construction, combined with premium wrap papers and finishes, also conveys a sense of quality and permanence that aligns with luxury branding.

Conclusion

The inquiry into how durable are paper boxes for shipping and storage does not yield a single, simple answer. Instead, it reveals a complex interplay of material science, structural engineering, environmental science, and logistical practice. We have seen that durability is not an inherent quality of “paper” but an outcome that is meticulously designed and engineered. It begins at the microscopic level, with the length and source of cellulose fibers, and extends to the macroscopic geometry of the finished box.

The choice between the lightweight ingenuity of a corrugated structure and the dense fortitude of a rigid box is a decision dictated by the unique demands of the product it must protect. Objective performance metrics, derived from standardized tests like ECT and the Mullen test, provide a rational basis for these choices, translating the abstract concept of strength into a quantifiable language. Yet, even the most robustly designed box remains vulnerable to the pervasive influence of humidity and the unpredictable stresses of handling and stacking. Its survival often depends as much on its environment as on its construction. Finally, enhancements like coatings and laminations offer a final layer of resilience, an engineered shield against the abrasions and moisture of the outside world.

Ultimately, a paper box is a testament to the idea that strength can be found in humble materials when they are intelligently shaped and thoughtfully applied. Its durability is a variable, not a constant—a potential that can only be fully realized through an informed understanding of the factors that govern its performance. The challenge for any business is to align these factors—material, structure, environment, and enhancement—with the specific needs of their product, ensuring it arrives not just intact, but as a testament to the care with which it was sent.

References

Ämmälä, A. (2013). Papermaking science and technology: 5. Mechanical pulping. Finnish Paper Engineers’ Association/Paperi ja Puu Oy.

Frank, B. (2014). ISTA data: The effects of distribution environment humidity on the performance of corrugated fiberboard. International Safe Transit Association.

Malasri, D., Jones, A. L., & Sharp, B. (2012). Box compression strength prediction using a decision-tree knowledge-based system. Journal of Applied Packaging Research, 6(1), 4. https://scholarworks.rit.edu/japr/vol6/iss1/4